高中英语语法知识汇总:特殊句式

 2026-08-18 18:22:54    2853  

一、it 的用法

在英语中,it的使用相当广泛,它既可用作代词,如人称代词(personal it)、指示代词(demonstrative it)及非人称代词(impersonal it), 也可用作引导词(anticipatory it)和强调结构中的强调词(emphatic it)

(一)it作代词

1、用作人称代词(personal it)代替前文提到过的事物,it作真实主语或宾语。

Tom's mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but itdidn't help.汤姆的妈妈不停地告诉他要努力,但这没起作用。

2、用作指示代词(demonstrative it)相当于this或that,it有时不特指某件东西,而代表前面已提到的或将会发生的某件事情。

-Who is knocking at the door? —谁在敲门?

-It's me. —是我。

3、用作非人称代词(impersonal it)

代词it可用来指除人以外的一切生物和事物,无阴阳性之分。可指时间、距离、度量、价值、自然现象(天气、气体、阴暗等)。

It's half past ten. —“十点半”(指时间)

It's about two kilometers. -大约两公里。(指距离)

Itis raining hard. 雨下得很大。(指自然现象)

Itis sixty-three dollars. 六十三元(指价值)

(二)it作引导词

1、作形式主语(formal subject)

当主语是动词不定式短语、动词的-ing形式短语和主语从句时,为了避免头重脚轻,往往把主语放在谓语动词之后,习惯上用it作形式主语来指代后面的真实主语。这个it称为引导词(anticipatory)it,作形式主语,放在谓语动词后的主语是真正的主语。

(1) 代替不定式短语

Is itnecessary to complete the design before National Day? 国庆节前完成这个设计有必要么?

Itis not a good habit to stay up late.开夜车不是个好习惯。

(2)代替动词-ing形式短语

It is no use crying over spilt milk.泼水难收。

Is it any good trying again?再试一次有用吗?

(3)代替主语从句

Itis a pity that you didn't go to see the movie.你没去看这个电影, 真是可惜。

Does itmatter if he can't finish the job on time?如果他不能按时完成那工作要紧吗?

2、作形式宾语(formal object)

当复合宾语中的宾语是动词不定式、动词-ing形式短语、宾语从句时,往往把宾语放在它的补足语的后面,而把引导词it放在全句谓语动词和宾语补足语的中间。放在宾语补足语后面的宾语叫真正宾语,放在全句谓语动词和宾语补足语中间的引导词it叫形式宾语。

(1)it代替不定式短语

He feels ithis duty to help others.他感到帮助别人是他的职责。

(2)it代替动词-ing形式短语

I think itno use telling them.我认为告诉他们没用。

(3)it代替从句

They want to make itclear to the public that they do an important and necessary job.他们想向公众表明,他们所做的工作既重要又有必要。

(三)it用在强调结构中

当我们要强调句子的某一部分(通常总是主语,宾语或状语)时,常用强调结构。其形式为“it is (was)+被强调的部分+who(that)+句子的其它成分”。在这种结构中,it无实际意义,它只帮助改变一个句子的结构,使某一成分受到强调。如I told her the news at the gate yesterday. 这个句子就可借助it改为下列几种形式,各强调一个不同的成分。

1、强调的成份

(1)强调主语

It was I thattold her the news at the gate yesterday. 昨天在大门口告诉她这个消息的是我。

(2)强调宾语

It was her thatI told the news at the gate yesterday.昨天在大门口我告诉消息的是她。

(3)强调地点状语

It was at the gate thatI told her the news yesterday. 我昨天是在大门口告诉她这个消息的。

(4)强调时间状语

It was yesterdaythat I told her the news at the gate. 我是昨天在大门口告诉她这个消息的。

It was not until she took off her dark glasses thatI realized that she was a famous film star. 直到她拿下墨镜我才认出她是著名的影星。

2、使用“It is/was…that”强调句型要注意的几点

(1)被强调部分指人时,其后除了用that之外,也可用who或。强调的是主语时,使用who;

It was Mary who picked up the wallet. 是玛丽拾到了那个钱包。

It was one of my old schoolmates whomI visited yesterday. 我昨天去看的是我的一位老校友。

It was Jack thatI met in the park last week.我上星期在公园遇到的是杰克。

It was herthat I met in the park yesterday.昨天在公园时里我遇到的是她。

(2)强调句的时态

一般说来,原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来各种时态,则用句型“It is .... that(who,) ... 。”如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态,则用句型“It was ...that(who, whom)....”

It was only when I reread his poems recently that I began to appreciate their beauty.只是在最近我在读他的诗时才开始欣赏到它的美。

It is Smith who is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.是史密斯先生明天去北京。

(3)在强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时,不能用when、where、why或how,只用that。

It was in Shanghai thatthe Chinese Communist Party was founded on July 1, 1921.中国共产党是在上海于1921年7月1日建立的。

注意:可用“It is/was because…that…”结构强调because引导的原因状语从句,如上例所示,但不能用该结构强调由since或as引导的原因状语从句,如不能说:It is everybody is here that let's begin our discussion.也不能说: It was as it was raining hard that they had to stay at home.

(4)强调“not...until”结构

在强调“not...until”结构中由until短语(或从句)表示的时间状语时,要用固定的强调句型“It is/was not until ... that ... 。” 其中that从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。

My father did not come until 12 o’clock last night.

It was not until 12 o'clock last night thatmy father came home.昨晚直到十二点我父亲才回家。

(5)在强调一般疑问句中的某一成份时,主句要用一般疑问句的语序。

Did this happen in Guangzhou?

Was it in Guangzhou thatthis happened? 此事是在广州发生的吗?

(6)特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以强调,其强调结构是:“疑问词+is/was it +that … ?”

When did you get to know her?

When was it that you got to know her?你是在什么时候认识她的?

(7)可以强调方式状语和以because引导的原因状语从句。

It was unwillingly thathe did it for me. 他是不情愿地替我做的那件事。

It was because he was ill thatwe had to come back early.正是因为他病了,我们才不得不早归。

(8)可以强调宾语补足语,当连系动词不是be,表语部分是名词性词组时,也可使用这种结构强调表语,但是,当连系动词是be时,不能强调表语。

It is white thatthey painted the house. 他们把房子漆成的是白色。(强调宾语补足语)

It is a chief engineer thathe becomes now. 他现在担任的是总工程师。(强调表语)

(9)强调句的谓语动词除了可采用现在时和过去时的单数形式外,有时根据需要还可采用复杂的形式。

It must have been Mary thatyou saw just now. 你刚才看到的一定是玛丽。

注意:对谓语动词强调不能借助于It is/was … that…结构,要借助于助动词do, did, does,意为:确实、真的、务必、一定。如:

Do come on time next time.下次一定要准时来。

He did know the truth.他确实知道真相。

Do be careful when crossing the street.过马路时务必要小心。

二、省略

为了避免重复,省略句子的一个或几个句子成分,使语句简练,结构紧凑,收到一定的修辞效果,这种语法现象称为省略。

(一)不用替代词的省略

1、省掉主语

(I)Beg your pardon.请再说一遍。

(I) See you later. 回头见。

(I) Thank you for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。

2、省略谓语或谓语的一部分

They learn French and we (learn)English. 他们学法语,我们学英语。

(Is there) Anything I can do for you ? 要我帮忙吗?

3、省略表语

Are you a teacher? Yes, I am (a teacher). 你是教师吗?是的,我是。

4、省略宾语

This is the book (that) I'm looking for.这是我正在找的书。

5、省略主语和谓语或主谓和谓语的一部分

(Come )This way, please. 请走这边。

What a good boy (he is)! 他是多好的学生啊!

6、省略主、谓或宾

-To whom did you lend the book?你把书借给谁了?

-To John.(I lend the book)约翰。

7、as…as结构中的省略

这种结构中,从句于主句重复的词可以省略;把两个时间地点等相比较时,第一个as可省略。

He can be( as)happy in hard times as in good days.他在艰难岁月里能像在好时光时一样幸福。

8、所有格后的名词

名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、办公室、店铺、教堂或上文己暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。

We'll go to the doctor's (clinic)in a minute.一会儿我们要到医务室去。

9、状语从句中的主谓省略

① 在以if、when、though、unless、as、as if等连词引导的从句中,如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致,而且从句中的谓语动词是be,可以将状语从句中的主谓省略。

He will not come unless (he is )invited.除非邀请他才肯来。

② 如果从句主谓语是it is或it was,可以省略主谓结构

if it is possible, when it is necessary 等都是这种结构。

He ran as fast as (it was) possible.他拼命跑。

If (it is)necessary, put a comma.有必要的话,加一个逗号。

10、在限制性定语从句中作状语的关系副词when、why、where也可以省去。

This is the very reason (why) I want to kill you. 这就是我为何要杀死你的理由。

This was the first time (when) I had visited Beijing.这是我第一次参观北京。

11、当wh-疑问从句作宾语时如果其内容与上文重复可以省略从句,只保留wh-疑问词。

He will come back, but he doesn't know when (he will come back). 他将回来,但不知道什么时间。

12、 在状语的独立分词结构中,分词往往可以省略

The meeting (being)over, they walked out of the hall.会议结束了,他们走出了大厅。

The work (having been) done, he left the office.做完工作后,他离开办公室。

(二)、用替代词的省略

1、to代替不定式

to代替不定式,常同refuse, want, seem, intend, expect, hope, like, be afraid, prefer, care, oblige, forget, wish, try等动词连用。

-Would you like to come to the party? -你愿意参加晚会吗?

-I'd like to (come to the party). -我愿意。

注意:如果不定式中含有be, have,或have been,一般要保留be, have或have been。

-Are you on holiday?你放假了吗?

-No, but I’d like to be ( on holiday).没有。不过我真愿意。

-She hasn’t done it yet.她还没有做。

-She ought to (have done it).她该做。

2、so 和not

so 可以代替单词、词组或句子,做call, expect, hope, do, fear, imagine, suppose, speak, tell, think, believe, be afraid, see, notice等宾语;not代替句子,用法和so相似,并可以放在perhaps, probably, absolutely等副词后面。

-Is the famous singer going to give any performance at the evening party? 这位著名歌手在晚会上要表演节目的吧?

-I expectso. 我想是吧。

-I expect not. (Idon't expect so.)我认为不会。

He must be a teacher. I imagine so.他一定是老师。我认为是。

-Do you think so? 你是这样想吗?

-Absolutely not. 当然不是。

注意:so作替代词一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用,口气比较委婉,不表示肯定,也不表示否定,因此,在表示肯定或怀疑的答句中不可用so。再know和ask后也不可用so。

3、do

do可以用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。

-Did you see the film?你去看那场电影了吗?

-Yes. I did.是的,去看了。

He speaks English more fluently than you do.他英语讲得比你流畅。

4、do so, do that,和do it

(1) do so 可以替代动词加宾语,也可以替代动词加状语。

She said she would go with me, but she didn’t do so.她说她要和我一起去,但她没有。

Just finish off watering the flowers. And let me know when you have done so.赶快较完花,等你浇完时通知我。

(2) do so 替代动词加宾语时,so可以用it或that所取代,it指具体事物,that表示较重的语气。

Henry is going to make the experiment and he wanted me to do it, too.亨利打算做试验,他曾想让我也做。

He played cards after supper and I watched them do that.他们吃完晚饭后玩牌,我看着他们玩。

(3)do so, do that,和do it一般只用于替代动态动词,而不适合替代静态动词。

- Alice feels better today.爱丽斯今天感觉很好。

- I think she does. (正)

-Yes, so does she. (正)

-I think she does so. (误)

-I think she does that. (误)

I think she does it. (误)

5、one和ones

one和ones具有泛指的性质,常指替代单数或复数名词,不能替代不可数名词。使用时应注意:

(1) one和ones与其所替代的名词在数方面和句法功能上可以不一致以及所指意义上可以不同。

I prefer the new edition to the old ones.和旧版本相比我更喜欢新版本。(数不一致)

Do you see the teachers over there? The onewearing blue coat is his father.你看见那些老师了吗?那个穿蓝上衣的是他爸爸。(句法功能上不一致)

I don’t like this film. I like a more interesting one.我不喜欢这部电影。我喜欢看更有趣的。(所指对想不同)

(2) one前面有this或that,ones 前面有these或those,或者前面又形成对比的形容词、最高级或the next, the last时one和ones可以省略。

Let’s finish the exercise so we can do the next (one).我们做完这个练习,好做下一个。

(3) 所有格my, your, our, her, their 被其相应的物主代词mine等代替时。不用one或ones.

This is my pen, not yours.(不能说yours one)

I prefer to use my own.(不能说my own one)

(4) Whose和名词所有格后面不能用one或ones。own后不能用one或ones。

Whoseis it?(不能说whose one)

Her bike is better than her brother’s.(不能说brother’s one)

6、one和that作替代词时的区别

(1) one 可以代替人或物,that只能代替物。

I haven't a book; can you lend me one? 我没有书,你能借我一本吗?

I have a brother, onein the army.我有一个哥哥,他在部队。

Look at the clock, thatthe wall.看那座钟,墙上那座。

(2) one只能代替可数名词;that可替代可数名词与不可数名词。

The novel is as interesting as the oneI read last year.这本小说和我去年读的那本一样有趣。

The weather here is rather hotter than thatin Beijing.这里的天气比北京的热。

(3) one 可以有前置或后置定语;而that只能有后置定语。

Your answer is better than thatof hers.你的答案比她的好。

This is a red pen, and I have three other blue ones.这是一枝红钢笔,我还有三只别的。

Please look at the map, the oneon the right wall.请看地图,右边墙上的那幅。

(4) one(不加定语)表示泛指;that表示特指。

The music is as sweet as thatwe heard yesterday.这首曲子和我昨天听的那首一样美。

(三)、倒装

英语最基本的词序“主语+谓语动词(+ 宾语)”通常十分固定,但在一些句子中,由于语法、修辞、强调或句子结构上的需要,主语、谓语和宾语不是处于正常语序,而是把谓语的全部或一部分提到主语的前面,这种语序叫做倒装。

1、倒装的类型

倒装可分为全部倒装和部分倒装。

(1)全部倒装(complete inversion)

全部倒装就是整个谓语部分放在主语之前。

In front of the house stands a tree. 房前有一棵树。

Here comes the bus.车来了。

(2)部分倒装(partial inversion)

部分倒装就是把谓语的一部分(通常是助动词、情态动词)放在主语之前。

Never shall Iforget the day.我永远忘不了这一天。

Only in this way can wefinish the work.只有这样,我们才能完成工作。

2、语法倒装

(1)在疑问句中

Is breakfastready yet? 早饭准备好了吗?

(2)在“there+ be”结构中

There are some bookson the desk. 桌子上有些课本。

(3)以表示“运动方向”的副词开头的倒装句

为了使叙述或描绘更加生动,常将表示运动方向的副词 (如here,there,out,in,up,off,down,away,back等)放在句首,谓语动词为go,come,run,rush等表示位置转移的动词,主语为名词。用一般现在时或一般过去时。

Be quick! Here comes the bus. 快点汽车来了。

Theregoes the bell. 铃响了。

注意:如主语是人称代词时,主语和谓语的语序不变。

Here itis.它在这儿。

(4)省略了if的虚拟条件从句

虚拟结构中的条件从句省if去时,这时were、had及should须移到主语前面,从而形成倒装。

Were I in your position, I would go.要是我处在你的地位,我就去。

Had itnot been for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the film so often.如果不是票免费,我不会那么经常去看电影。

Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.如果明天下雨的话,我得推迟去看扬浦大桥。

(5)“so+be(have、助动词或情态动词)+主语” 句型

把副词so放在句首,表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(或物)。

She can swim. So can I.她会游泳,我也会。

-I like swimming in winter.我喜欢冬泳。

-So do I .我也是。

In an earthquake, the earth shakes. And so do you. 地震时,地球震动,你也会震动。

Society has changed and so have the peoplein it.社会变了,人也跟着变了。

比较:“so+主语+助动词”结构的用法

如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思,表示同意对方的看法,意为“是的,确实”时,句子不用倒装语序。

-It was careless of you to have left your clothes outside all night.你太粗心了,把衣服整夜放在外边。

-My God! So I did.天哪!还真是这样。

(6)“neither(nor)+be(have、助动词或情态动词)+主语” 句型

把neither、nor、no more放在句首,表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人(或物),需用倒装语序

-Do you enjoy that trip?你旅途玩得高兴么?

-I'm afraid not. And neither did my classmates. 恐怕我不高兴,我同学也是。

(7)感叹句的倒装

How happy the children are!孩子们多幸福啊!(表语前置)

What a lovely birthday presentthe old lady has received!这位老太太收到一份多好的生日礼物啊!(宾语前置)

(8)以表示“地点”的介词短语开头的倒装句

当句首为表示地点的介词短语时,为了保持句子结构的平衡,或为了使上下文衔接紧密时,常使用倒装结构。

On the wallhang two large portraits. 墙上挂着两幅巨大的画像。

Under the big tree was sitting an old farmer. 大树底下坐着一个老农夫。

(9)many a time和next等时间、次数或顺序的副词位于句首时要到装

Often did shecome to my home in the past.她过去常到我家来。

Long did we wait before hearing from her.我们等了很久才收到她的来信。

Many a time have I seen her taking a walk alone.我许多次看见她独自散步。

(10)well, so, gladly等表示方式、程度的副词位于句首时常到装

Well do I remember the day I saw her first.我第一次见到她的那一天,我记忆犹新。

Gladly would I accept your proposal.我很高兴接受你的建议。

(11)直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时,有时也用倒装

“I don't think so”, said Tom. 汤姆说:“我不这样认为。”

(12)however引导的让步状语从句

however为连接副词,引导让步状语从句,其意义和作用相当于no matter how。 however后面接形容词或副词,其基本结构为“however+形容词/副词+主语+谓语”。如:

However cold it is, she always goes swimming.无论天气多么冷,她总是去游泳。

4、修辞倒装

(1)“only+ 状语”放句首倒装句

副词only所强调的方式状语、条件状语、地点状语、时间状语等位于句首时,引起部分倒装。

Only by taking a taxi can youarrive on time. 只有打的你才能按时到达。

Only then did we realize that the man was blind.只在那时我们才意识到那人是个瞎子。

Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to get back home.只有在1949年当战争结束时他才能回家。

(2)连词as/though引导的让步状语从句的倒装句

这种状语从句的结构为“形容词/名词+as/though+主语+谓语”。在句首的如果是名词,不要带冠词;但如果名词前有形容词修饰,则常常带冠词。

Clever as he is, he doesn't study well.他虽然聪明,但学习并不好。

Old as he is,he is full of energy.他虽然年老,但精力充沛。

Child as he was,he was very brave.尽管他是个孩子,但他非常勇敢。

Try as you may,you can't persuade him.尽管你很努力,你不可能说服他。

(3)以否定词开头的倒装句

为了强调句子中的否定状语,常将其置于句首,这时一般引起部分倒装。常见的含有否定意义的副词、连词或词组有:hardly, scarcely , barely, seldom, never, not, little, not only, not until, on no account(决不), in no way, nowhere, at no time, in no case, not on one’s life, no sooner, by no means,under / in no circumstances等。

Never have I seen him before.以前我从未见过他。

Not a single mistake did hemake.他一个错误也未出。

(4)so/such…that引导的结果状语从句的倒装句

so/such位于句首修饰形容词或副词或名词表示强调时,主句要用倒装语序,后面通常接that引导的结果状语从句。

So shallow is the lake that no fish can live in it.那个湖太浅了,里边没有鱼。

Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken.爆炸的力量太大了,把所有的窗户都震破了。

(5)表语和状语放在句首,引起主语和谓语倒装句

为了保持句子平衡,或使上下文紧密衔接时,常将表语和状语放在句首,引起主语和谓语倒装。

On the ground layan old sick goat, which had gone into the cave to die.地上躺着一只有病的老山羊,它是到洞里来等死的。

Gone are the days when we used foreign oil.我们用“洋油”的时代一去不复返了。

(6)in ,out等副词放句首倒装句

为了生动地描写动作,in, out, away, up, down, off等副词可以放在句首倒装。

Away flew the bird!鸟扑地一声飞跑了!

Down went the small boat!小船沉没了!

(7)在某些习惯用语中的倒装

How goes it with you ? 你好吗?

How came it that she knew the secret?他怎么会知道那个秘密的?

(8)not it结构

在否定回答中,not有时放在主语前面。

“Will it rain?””Not it.”“会下雨吗?”“不会。”

“Are you ready?” “Not I.”“你准备好了吗?”“我没有。”

“I think you can come tomorrow.” “我想你明天能来。“

“Not we.” “我们来不了”

四、there be 结构

英语中有一种表示“什么地方或时间存在什么事物”的“存在”句型,常用“there +be +名词+地点(时间)状语”结构。这种句型以非重读的there为引导词,there本身没有词义,以动词be的某种形式作谓语动词,以表示泛指或不定特指的名词词组作为句子的主语,be和主语的数必须一致。句子最后为表示地点和时间的状语。

(一)“there + be”结构中的名词及主谓一致

1、一个名词或代词作主语

当主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,其谓语必须用单数is;当主语是可数名词复数时,其谓语必须用复数are。

There is a riverin the picture. 画里有一条河。

There are two childrenin the room. 房间里有两个孩子。

2、并列名词作主语

如果There be句型后的主语是几个并列的名词时,be应与靠近的那个名词保持数的一致。即该名词是单数,be用is;如该名词是复数,be用are。

There is one book and two penson the desk. 桌子上有一本书两支钢笔。

There are two bottles and an ashtrayon the shelf. 架上有两个瓶子,一只烟灰缸。

(二)“there +be”结构中的时态与语态

1、“there +be”结构可以有一般现在时、一般过去时、将来时和完成时。

There are some books on the desk。桌子上有一些书

There was an accident last night. 昨晚发生了一个事故。

There have been many changes in the village recently. 最近这个村庄发生了许多变化。

2、there可和各种助动词或情态动词连用

Theremay be a bird on the branch. 树枝上也许有一只鸟。

There must beno more time wasted. 不能再浪费时间了。

There used to bea cinema here before the war. 这里战前曾有一座电影院。

3、there be结构中的谓语动词可以是“be going to/seem to/happen to/used to/be likely to/…+be(原形)”。

There seems to be something wrong with it. 它好象有点毛病。

There is likely to bea storm. 可能有一场暴雨。

There isn't going to beany meeting tonight. 今天晚上没有会。

4、“there +be”结构中的谓语动词有时可采用被动语态。

There was said to bea fairy in the forest. 据说树林里有一位仙女。

There is expected to be more discussion. 希望多讨论。

There is reported to bea number of the wounded on both sides. 据报道双方都有伤者。

(三)“there +be” 结构的否定和疑问结构

“there +be”结构变成否定句时,须在动词be后加not(any)或no。变成疑问句时,将动词be提到there之前,句子其余部分不变。回答用yes或no,后接简单答语Yes,there is/are. 或No,there isn't/aren't. 。

1、There be结构的一般疑问句

(1)Is+ there+ a/an+单数名词+介词短语?

-Is there a ball on the table? 桌子上有个球吗?

-No, there isn't. 不, 没有。

-Yes, there is.是的,有。

(2)Is+ there+不可数名词+介词短语?

-Is there any water left in the mug?杯子里剩下水了吗?

-No, there isn’t.不,没有。

- I’m afraid not.恐怕没地方了。

(3)Are+ there+ any+复数名词+介词短语?

-Are there any birdsin the tree? 树上有些鸟吗?

-Yes, there have. 是的,有。

-Not, there won’t. 不,没有。

(4)情态动词或助动词+ there be+名词+介词短语?

-Have there been any letters from Jack lately?近日杰克有信来吗?

-Yes, there have. 是的,有。

-Not, there won’t. 不,没有。

2、There be结构的特殊疑问句

这种句型主要用来询问“某处有多少人或物”,有下列两种情况:

(1)How many+复数名词+are there+介词短语?

How many students are therein your class?你们班有多少学生?

How many books are thereon the desk? 桌上有多少书?

(2)How much+不可数名词+is+ there+介词短语?

How much water is therein the glass?杯子里有多少水?

How much sand is thereon the playground?操场上有多少啥?

3、There be句型的反意疑问句结构

(1)There is + a/an+单数名词+介词短语+ , isn’t there?

(2)There is +不可数名词+介词短语+,isn’t there?

(3)There are+ any+复数名词+介词短语+, aren’t there?

(4)There + 情态动词或助动词+ 名词+介词短语+,情态动词或助动词的否定+there?

There isa book on the desk,isn’t there?桌子上有本书,是吗?

There issome water in it, isn’t there?那里边有些水,是吗?

There are many people in the street, aren’t there?大街上有很多人,是吗?

There will bea new film on in the cinema, won’t there? 下周电影院上映新电影是吗?

4、There be结构的否定

(1)There be + not+ 名词+介词短语

There isn’ta computer in the room. 屋子里没有电脑。

There are not any books on the desk. 桌上没有书。

(2)There +情态动词或助动词+not be + 名词+介词短语

There hasn’t been any rain recently. 最近没下雨。

There won’t bea meeting tonight. 今晚没有会。

(3)There be + no+ 名词+介词短语

There is no moneyleft. 没钱了。

There are no bookson the desk. 桌子上没有书。

(4)There +情态动词或助动词+ be + no+名词+介词短语

There will be no onein at that moment. 那时将没人在家。

There might be no moneyleft. 可能没剩下钱。

(四)There be结构中be的替代

there + be 这种结构,谓语动词除be之外,还可用live,lie, exist, stand, remain, go, come等表示“存在”意义的不及物动词。

There standsa tree in front of the house. 房前有一棵树。

Once there livedan Emperor. 从前,有一个皇帝。

(五)“there+be”结构的非限定形式

there+ be结构的非限定形式是there to be和there being两种形式。在句中可以作主语、宾语和状语。

⑴作主语

there being结构可以起名词的作用,直接位于句首作主语;当“there to be+名词(词组)”作主语时,通常用it作形式主语,并且用for引导。

There being a bus stop near the houseis a great advantage. 房子旁边有个停车点,真是方便极了。

There not being an index to this bookis a disadvantage. 这本书没有索引,查找很不方便。

Itwould be surprising for there to be no objections. 没有反对意见,这倒令人吃惊。

Itis impossible for there to be any more. 不可能再有了。

⑵作宾语

①作动词宾语时,通常用there to be结构。能这样用及物动词为数有限,常见的有expect, like, mean, intend, want, prefer, hate等。

We expect there to be no argument. 我们希望不再出现争吵。

Would you like there to be a picture on the wall?你喜欢墙上挂幅画吗?

People don’t want there to be another war. 人们不希望再有战争。

②在作介词的宾语时,如果介词是for,便只能用there to be结构,其它介词要用there being结构。

The teacher was waiting for there to be complete silence. 老师在等着大家都安静下来。

I never dreamed of there being any chance for me to try. 我做梦也没想到有让我试试的机会。

⑶作状语

用作状语的there be非谓语形式,通常用there being结构。

There being nobody in the room,he didn’t go in. 由于屋里没有人,他没进去。

There being no further business,the chairman closed the meeting. 没有什么事,主席宣布散会。

There being nothing else to dowe went home. 没有什么事,我们就回家了。

(六)“there+ be”结构与have的区别

have表示所有关系,前有主语,意为“归主语所有”;“there +be”则表示“存在”的状态,即“某地有某物/某人”。

Ihavea computer. 我有一台电脑。

There isa radio on the desk. 桌子上有一台收音机。

There are three children in my family。我家有三个孩子。

I havethree children. 我有三个孩子。返回搜狐,查看更多


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